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who：
1）：可引导特殊疑问句；eg:Who is over there?(在那儿的那个人是谁？)。
2）： 可引导名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句），在句中做主语。
主语从句 eg:Who will do the job has not been decided yet;(还没决定谁去做那份工作)。
同位语从句 eg:The question who should do the job requires consideration(谁应该做这个工作的问题还需要考虑)。
ZHU:没找到宾语从句和表语从句的例子，不好意思。
3)可引导定语从句，做主语。
eg:Do you know the man who/that is standing by the window?(你认识那个正站在窗边的人吗？)。 who 1）：可引导特殊疑问句；eg:Who is over there?(在那儿的那个人是谁？)
2）： 可引导名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句），在句中做主语；
主语从句 eg:Who will do the job has not been decided yet;(还没决定谁去做那份工作)；
同位语从句 eg:The question who should do the job requires consideration(谁应该做这个工作的问题还需要考虑)。
###ZHU:没找到宾语从句和表语从句的例子，不好意思。
3)可引导定语从句，做主语
eg:Do you know the man who/that is standing by the window?(你认识那个正站在窗边的人吗？)
4）引导强调句型：It is I who/that am responsible for the project.(要对那件事负责的是我〈而不是其他人〉)
1 I know what she wants to do.
2 I don't think he is a clever boy.
3 Larry doesn't know where to go.
4 He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year
5Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
6 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
7 Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
8 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
9 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries
10 We take it that you will agree with us.
if引导从句如下：
1、He will come if you invite him.
如果你请他，他会来的。
2、I wonder if she is ill.
不知她是否病了。
3、If I were you, I would never do that.
如果我是你，我决不做那件事。
4、I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
5、I don't know if he will come tomorrow. I. if引导的宾语从句
if 引导宾语从句时，意思为：是否，从句的时态通常要和主句保持一致。
【例句】
I want to know if he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在那儿。
He asked me if I could help him. 他问我是否能帮他。
【考查点】if、whether引导的宾语从句的区别
1. if或whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，常放在动词ask、see、say、know和find out等后面。一般情况下，两者常可换用，在口语中多用if。
【例句】
Nobody knows whether / if it will rain tomorrow.
没有人知道明天是否下雨。
Lucy asked whether / if they had a cotton sweater.
露西问他们是否有棉制的毛衣。
2. if或whether引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。
if或whether既不能和that 或其他连词（副词）同时使用，也不能省略。
【例句】
我不知道他今天是否会来。
[误] I don’t know that if(whether) he will come here today.
[正] I don’t know if(whether) he will come here today.
他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病。
[误] He came to see what if (whether) there was anything wrong with his cat .
[正] He came to see if (whether) there was anything wrong with his cat .
if或whether引导宾语从句时，虽具有疑问的意义，但其从句应用陈述句的语序。
【例句】
Did you know the way to the hospital? The old woman asked me.
The old woman asked me if / whether I knew the way to the hospital.
老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。
if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从句用任一种时态；主句为一般过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。
【例句】
I don’t know if (whether) he has come here.
我不知道他是否来过这儿。
Tom asked if (whether) I had read the book.
汤姆问我是否看过这本书。
3. 只能用whether的情况
在动词不定式之前只能用whether：
【例句】
I can’t decide whether to stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
在whether …or not 的固定搭配中：
【例句】
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.
我想知道它是不是好消息。
在介词后，只能用whether：
【例句】
His father is worried about whether he loses his work.
他的父亲担心他是否会失去工作。
用if会引起歧义时：
【例句】
Could you tell me if you know the answer?
这句话有两种意思：
“你能告诉我你是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。
如用whether则可避免歧义。
【考题链接】
I don’t know _________ they could pass the exam or not.
A. why B. if C. that D. whether
答案：D
解题思路：本题考查if与whether的区别，在whether…or not的固定搭配中通常只用whether。
II. if引导的条件状语从句
1. 含义
条件状语从句是在复合句中作条件状语的句子。
表示假如有从句的动作发生就会有主句的动作发生，条件状语从句常由从属连词if引导。
【例句】
You will catch the bus if you get up early.
如果你早起的话，就能赶上公共汽车。
2. 类别
主祈从现：主句是祈使句, 从句是由if引导的使用一般现在时的句子。
【例句】
If you want to go, please tell me. 如果你想去，请告诉我。
Print the photo if you like it.
如果你喜欢这照片就把它打印出来。
主将从现：指if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。
【例句】
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
如果明天不下雨，我们就会去长城。
If you don’t get up early, you will be late for school.
如果你不早点起床，你上学就会迟到。
3. if引导的条件状语从句用法：
（1）位置
if引导的条件状语从句，既可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后。当从句置于主句之前时，常用逗号与主句隔开。
【例句】
You will catch the bus if you get up early.
=If you get up early, you will catch the bus.
如果你早起的话，就能赶上公共汽车。
（2）时态
应遵循主、从句时态呼应的原则。
当主句是一般现在时（包含祈使句和含情态动词can, may, must等的句子），从句也用一般现在时。
【例句】
You must see the doctor if you are ill.
如果你生病了，你必须去看医生。
If you want to go skating, wear warm clothes.
如果你想去溜冰，穿上暖和的衣服。
如果主句是一般将来时，从句必须用一般现在时。
【例句】
You will be late for school if you get up late.
如果你起晚了，你上学将迟到。
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the Great Wall.
如果明天下雨，我们就不去长城了。
（3）在if引导的条件状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时时，不能使用be going to结构，而要用will。
【例句】
I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.
如果明天我有空，我会帮助你学英语。
（4）在if引导的条件状语从句中不能使用some，而要用any。
【例句】
If you have any questions to ask, please come to my office.
如果你有问题要问的话，请到我办公室来。
（5）同义句转换
if引导的条件状语从句可转换成简单句，其方法如下：
* 借助“祈使句+and/ or+简单句”结构。其中and表示句意顺承，or表示句意转折。
【例句】
If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.
=Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.
如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。
If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
= Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
如果你不快点，你将会迟到。
**借助介词with 或without来转换。
【例句】
If you help me, I’ll finish my job soon.
=With your help, I’ll finish my job soon.
如果你帮我，我将很快完成我的工作。
If there is no water, fish may die.
= Fish may die without water.
如果没有水，鱼可能会死。
另外，if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，即一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设。
【例句】
If I were you，I would invite him to the party．
如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。
I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic．
要不是交通堵塞，我会来得更早一些。
4. 口诀：
if 条件句不一般，几个要点记心间；
条件句，放在前，逗号要放句中间。
条件句表可能，主句多用将来时；
条件句表事实，主句常用现在时。
III. If引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别
if引导条件状语从句时意为“如果”，引导宾语从句时意为“是否”，可用whether替换。【例句】
1) We will go out if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天好，我们就出去。
2) I don’t know if the train has arrived. 我不知道火车是否已经到达。
句1)中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”。
句2)中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。
简单宾语从句例句20个如下：
1、I know that you are busy.
我知道你很忙。
2、She thinks that he is handsome.
她认为他很帅。
3、He said that he would come back soon.
他说他很快就会回来。
4、They believe that honesty is the best policy.
他们相信诚实是最好的策略。
5、My mother told me to clean up my room.
我妈妈告诉我要收拾我的房间。
1 I know what she wants to do.
2 I don't think he is a clever boy.
3 Larry doesn't know where to go.
4 He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year
5Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
6 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
7 Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
8 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
9 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries
10 We take it that you will agree with us.
who：
1）：可引导特殊疑问句；eg:Who is over there?(在那儿的那个人是谁？)。
2）： 可引导名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句），在句中做主语。
主语从句 eg:Who will do the job has not been decided yet;(还没决定谁去做那份工作)。
同位语从句 eg:The question who should do the job requires consideration(谁应该做这个工作的问题还需要考虑)。
ZHU:没找到宾语从句和表语从句的例子，不好意思。
3)可引导定语从句，做主语。
eg:Do you know the man who/that is standing by the window?(你认识那个正站在窗边的人吗？)。 who 1）：可引导特殊疑问句；eg:Who is over there?(在那儿的那个人是谁？)
2）： 可引导名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句），在句中做主语；
主语从句 eg:Who will do the job has not been decided yet;(还没决定谁去做那份工作)；
同位语从句 eg:The question who should do the job requires consideration(谁应该做这个工作的问题还需要考虑)。
###ZHU:没找到宾语从句和表语从句的例子，不好意思。
3)可引导定语从句，做主语
eg:Do you know the man who/that is standing by the window?(你认识那个正站在窗边的人吗？)
4）引导强调句型：It is I who/that am responsible for the project.(要对那件事负责的是我〈而不是其他人〉)
1 I know what she wants to do.
2 I don't think he is a clever boy.
3 Larry doesn't know where to go.
4 He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year
5Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
6 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
7 Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
8 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
9 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries
10 We take it that you will agree with us.
if引导从句如下：
1、He will come if you invite him.
如果你请他，他会来的。
2、I wonder if she is ill.
不知她是否病了。
3、If I were you, I would never do that.
如果我是你，我决不做那件事。
4、I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.
他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
5、I don't know if he will come tomorrow. I. if引导的宾语从句
if 引导宾语从句时，意思为：是否，从句的时态通常要和主句保持一致。
【例句】
I want to know if he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在那儿。
He asked me if I could help him. 他问我是否能帮他。
【考查点】if、whether引导的宾语从句的区别
1. if或whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，常放在动词ask、see、say、know和find out等后面。一般情况下，两者常可换用，在口语中多用if。
【例句】
Nobody knows whether / if it will rain tomorrow.
没有人知道明天是否下雨。
Lucy asked whether / if they had a cotton sweater.
露西问他们是否有棉制的毛衣。
2. if或whether引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。
if或whether既不能和that 或其他连词（副词）同时使用，也不能省略。
【例句】
我不知道他今天是否会来。
[误] I don’t know that if(whether) he will come here today.
[正] I don’t know if(whether) he will come here today.
他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病。
[误] He came to see what if (whether) there was anything wrong with his cat .
[正] He came to see if (whether) there was anything wrong with his cat .
if或whether引导宾语从句时，虽具有疑问的意义，但其从句应用陈述句的语序。
【例句】
Did you know the way to the hospital? The old woman asked me.
The old woman asked me if / whether I knew the way to the hospital.
老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路。
if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时，从句用任一种时态；主句为一般过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。
【例句】
I don’t know if (whether) he has come here.
我不知道他是否来过这儿。
Tom asked if (whether) I had read the book.
汤姆问我是否看过这本书。
3. 只能用whether的情况
在动词不定式之前只能用whether：
【例句】
I can’t decide whether to stay.
我不能决定是否留下。
在whether …or not 的固定搭配中：
【例句】
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.
我想知道它是不是好消息。
在介词后，只能用whether：
【例句】
His father is worried about whether he loses his work.
他的父亲担心他是否会失去工作。
用if会引起歧义时：
【例句】
Could you tell me if you know the answer?
这句话有两种意思：
“你能告诉我你是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。
如用whether则可避免歧义。
【考题链接】
I don’t know _________ they could pass the exam or not.
A. why B. if C. that D. whether
答案：D
解题思路：本题考查if与whether的区别，在whether…or not的固定搭配中通常只用whether。
II. if引导的条件状语从句
1. 含义
条件状语从句是在复合句中作条件状语的句子。
表示假如有从句的动作发生就会有主句的动作发生，条件状语从句常由从属连词if引导。
【例句】
You will catch the bus if you get up early.
如果你早起的话，就能赶上公共汽车。
2. 类别
主祈从现：主句是祈使句, 从句是由if引导的使用一般现在时的句子。
【例句】
If you want to go, please tell me. 如果你想去，请告诉我。
Print the photo if you like it.
如果你喜欢这照片就把它打印出来。
主将从现：指if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。
【例句】
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
如果明天不下雨，我们就会去长城。
If you don’t get up early, you will be late for school.
如果你不早点起床，你上学就会迟到。
3. if引导的条件状语从句用法：
（1）位置
if引导的条件状语从句，既可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后。当从句置于主句之前时，常用逗号与主句隔开。
【例句】
You will catch the bus if you get up early.
=If you get up early, you will catch the bus.
如果你早起的话，就能赶上公共汽车。
（2）时态
应遵循主、从句时态呼应的原则。
当主句是一般现在时（包含祈使句和含情态动词can, may, must等的句子），从句也用一般现在时。
【例句】
You must see the doctor if you are ill.
如果你生病了，你必须去看医生。
If you want to go skating, wear warm clothes.
如果你想去溜冰，穿上暖和的衣服。
如果主句是一般将来时，从句必须用一般现在时。
【例句】
You will be late for school if you get up late.
如果你起晚了，你上学将迟到。
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the Great Wall.
如果明天下雨，我们就不去长城了。
（3）在if引导的条件状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时时，不能使用be going to结构，而要用will。
【例句】
I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.
如果明天我有空，我会帮助你学英语。
（4）在if引导的条件状语从句中不能使用some，而要用any。
【例句】
If you have any questions to ask, please come to my office.
如果你有问题要问的话，请到我办公室来。
（5）同义句转换
if引导的条件状语从句可转换成简单句，其方法如下：
* 借助“祈使句+and/ or+简单句”结构。其中and表示句意顺承，or表示句意转折。
【例句】
If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.
=Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam.
如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。
If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
= Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
如果你不快点，你将会迟到。
**借助介词with 或without来转换。
【例句】
If you help me, I’ll finish my job soon.
=With your help, I’ll finish my job soon.
如果你帮我，我将很快完成我的工作。
If there is no water, fish may die.
= Fish may die without water.
如果没有水，鱼可能会死。
另外，if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，即一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设。
【例句】
If I were you，I would invite him to the party．
如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。
I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic．
要不是交通堵塞，我会来得更早一些。
4. 口诀：
if 条件句不一般，几个要点记心间；
条件句，放在前，逗号要放句中间。
条件句表可能，主句多用将来时；
条件句表事实，主句常用现在时。
III. If引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句的区别
if引导条件状语从句时意为“如果”，引导宾语从句时意为“是否”，可用whether替换。【例句】
1) We will go out if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天好，我们就出去。
2) I don’t know if the train has arrived. 我不知道火车是否已经到达。
句1)中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”。
句2)中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。
简单宾语从句例句20个如下：
1、I know that you are busy.
我知道你很忙。
2、She thinks that he is handsome.
她认为他很帅。
3、He said that he would come back soon.
他说他很快就会回来。
4、They believe that honesty is the best policy.
他们相信诚实是最好的策略。
5、My mother told me to clean up my room.
我妈妈告诉我要收拾我的房间。
1 I know what she wants to do.
2 I don't think he is a clever boy.
3 Larry doesn't know where to go.
4 He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year
5Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
6 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
7 Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
8 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
9 I have made it a rule that I keep diaries
10 We take it that you will agree with us.
